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Math · Calculus · Concept

Build a Taylor approximation

Match a function’s value and successive derivatives with a polynomial centered at a.

Match more than the value

A constant matches the height at a; adding a linear term also matches slope. A quadratic can match curvature as well. Powers of (x−a) make these requirements easy to separate because higher powers and their lower derivatives vanish at a.

Pn(x)=∑k=0nf⁡(k)(a)k!⁢(x−a)k

Where the factorial comes from

Differentiating (x−a)^k exactly k times gives k!, so dividing by k! sets the kth derivative at a to f⁽ᵏ⁾(a). This construction is local; increasing degree does not promise accuracy everywhere.

An error bound needs more information

If f has n+1 continuous derivatives on the interval between a and x and |f⁽ⁿ⁺¹⁾|≤M there, Taylor’s remainder is bounded by M|x−a|ⁿ⁺¹/(n+1)!. A sampled maximum error is useful feedback but is not this certified bound.

∣⁢f⁡(x)−Pn(x)⁢∣≤M⁢∣⁢x−a∣n+1(n+1)!

Common mistakes

  • The expansion center need not be zero.
  • A Taylor series can fail to represent a function outside its convergence interval.

Work through an example

Build the degree-two approximation at zero and bound its error.

Approximate e^0.2 with a quadratic →
Sources and scope

Authored study material. Tool results depend on the stated inputs and model assumptions.